Italy is known for its rich history, stunning landscapes, and mouthwatering cuisine. But beyond these famous aspects lies a hidden treasure: the hot Italian ladies who effortlessly exude beauty and charisma. In this article, I will explore the females who have captivated hearts with their undeniable charm, talent, and iconic style.
Italian Chicks’ Appearance
Starting with faces, these hotties possess an exquisite blend of Mediterranean charm and classic European elegance. They often have well-defined facial structures adorned by high cheekbones that give them timeless beauty. With smooth olive-toned skin that seems to radiate warmth, they exude a captivating glow even without makeup.
The eyes of hot Italian girls hold immense depth and expressiveness; they are often dark or hazel-toned, sparkling with intelligence and passion. These eyes seem to tell stories as one gazes into them, tales filled with love, laughter, and occasional mischief.
When it comes to hair, beautiful Italian women boast luscious locks that range from deep ebony shades to chestnut hues kissed by the sun’s rays. Whether flowing freely down their backs or styled elegantly on top of their heads like intricate artworks held together effortlessly by bobby pins or delicate headbands, each strand appears carefully tended to yet effortlessly chic.
Their bodies reflect the gracefulness inherent in every movement made, with curvaceous figures celebrated through centuries as symbols of femininity. While embracing diversity when it comes to body shapes, what remains constant is how gracefully these curves are carried both at rest and during motion.
When it comes to fashion sense, these females reign supreme with effortless style choices that exude confidence and impeccable taste. Be it timeless classics like tailored blazers paired with figure-hugging jeans or flowing dresses adorned with vibrant prints, sexy Italian women always manage to strike the perfect equilibrium between elegance and individuality.
Peculiar Character Traits
- One prominent characteristic of Italian women is their boldness. They are not afraid to express themselves or voice their opinions on various topics. This outspoken nature can be seen in all aspects of life – whether it’s discussing politics over a cup of espresso at a local café or passionately arguing about football with friends and family members.
- Another key aspect is warmth and friendliness towards others. Hospitality runs deep within Italian culture, making them naturally welcoming to both locals and foreigners alike. Whether it’s greeting guests with warm hugs or preparing delicious meals for loved ones, they go above and beyond to ensure everyone feels comfortable in their presence.
- Hot Italian women embrace life wholeheartedly; they live each day as if it were an adventure waiting to unfold before them. Their zest for life translates into various activities such as engaging in conversations filled with laughter or indulging in culinary delights without any guilt whatsoever!
- Love plays an integral role in the lives of Italian females, too! Romance often takes center stage here thanks again partly to its deeply ingrained cultural roots where courtship traditions flourish alongside modern dating norms. Women from this Mediterranean country are known to be passionate lovers who prioritize emotional connections above all else.
Stereotypes About Italian Women
One common stereotype is their supposed obsession with fashion and beauty. They are often depicted as being impeccably dressed in designer clothing with perfectly styled hair and makeup. This portrayal reflects Italy’s reputation as a global fashion capital but fails to acknowledge the individuality and diverse interests of Italian women.
Another myth associated is their passion for love and romance. Italian babes are frequently seen in films engaging in passionate relationships characterized by intense emotions. While Italians may indeed value love highly within their culture, this stereotype can be limiting when it comes to understanding the complexities of real-life relationships.
Furthermore, Italian cuisine plays a significant role in shaping perceptions of Italian womanhood worldwide. The image of an expert cook who effortlessly prepares delicious meals has become synonymous with being an authentic “mamma italiana.” However, this narrow perspective overlooks career-oriented or health-conscious individuals who may not conform to traditional gender roles within the kitchen.
Flamenco Of Femininity: 30 Hot Italian Women to Know
Italian women have long been admired for their beauty and charm, but there is much more to these ladies than meets the eye. Let’s focus on some remarkable females who are making waves in various fields with their unwavering ambition. Get ready to be inspired by these powerful Italian beauties.
Venere Altruda
- Insta: @venere.altruda
- Birthdate: April 16, 1993
- Place of Living: Napoli, Italy
- Height: 167 cm
- Breast Size: C
- Insta followers: 74k
Venere is a highly talented and accomplished model, known for her exceptional skills in the fashion industry. The sexy lady possesses an innate ability to effortlessly portray various emotions and expressions through her poses, allowing photographers and designers to capture stunning images that resonate with viewers.
Her versatility as a model is unparalleled; she can seamlessly transition between high fashion editorials, runway shows, commercial campaigns, and even artistic projects. Her striking features combined with graceful movements make every shot captivating.
Venere’s professionalism shines through during photo shoots or on set – always punctual, cooperative, and dedicated to delivering outstanding results.
Elena Rizzello
- Insta: @elenariz
- Birthdate: January 29, 1990
- Home Town: Sora, Italy
- Place of Living: Verona, Italy
- Height: 174 cm
- Breast Size: D
- Insta followers: 482k
With her stunning looks, impeccable style, and charismatic persona, Elena has gained recognition as one of the prominent models in the field.
The beautiful woman possesses a versatile portfolio that showcases her ability to effortlessly adapt to various genres such as high fashion editorials, commercial campaigns, runway shows, and more.
In addition to her natural beauty and photogenic qualities, Elena brings professionalism and creativity to every project she undertakes. Her strong work ethic combined with excellent communication skills ensure successful collaborations with designers, photographers,
and renowned brands.
Monica Bellucci
- Insta: @monicabellucciofficiel
- Birthdate: 30 September 1964
- Home Town: Città di Castello, Umbria, Italy
- Place of Living: Paris, France
- Height: 1.70 m
- Breast Size: B
- Insta followers: 5.3M
A hot actress and model is widely regarded as one of the most beautiful women in the world. Bellucci started her career as a fashion model before transitioning into acting. In 1992, she gained international recognition for her role in Bram Stoker’s Dracula.
Throughout her career, Monica Bellucci has worked with acclaimed directors such as Francis Ford Coppola and Gaspar Noé. Some of her notable film credits include Malèna (2000), The Matrix Reloaded (2003), and Spectre (2015).
Bellucci speaks English, French, and Italian fluently, which enabled her to work internationally without language barriers becoming an obstacle.
Diletta Leotta
- Insta: @dilettaleotta
- Birthdate: August 16, 1991
- Home Town: Catania, Italy
- Place of Living: Milan, Italy
- Height: 175 cm
- Breast Size: B
- Insta followers: 8.9m
Diletta is an Italian sports presenter and journalist who gained popularity through her work as a host for the Sky Sports network in Italy.
Leotta began her career as a weather reporter before transitioning into sports journalism. In 2018, she became the first female anchor of Serie A football matches on Italian television. Her expertise and passion for football have made her one of the most recognized faces in sports media.
Apart from covering football events, the hot lady hosted various other sporting events such as boxing matches and tennis tournaments. She has interviewed numerous renowned athletes throughout her career.
Melissa Satta
- Insta: @melissasatta
- Birthdate: February 7, 1986
- Home Town: Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
- Place of Living: Milan, Italy
- Height: 177 cm
- Breast Size: B
- Insta followers: 4.8M
This sexy woman is an Italian-American television presenter, model, and actress. Melissa gained fame through her work as a TV hostess for the Italian show “Striscia la Notizia” and has since become one of Italy’s most recognizable media personalities.
She began her modeling career at a young age and quickly rose to prominence by appearing in fashion magazines and advertisements worldwide. Melissa has also acted in movies such as “Pazze di me” (2013) and appeared on reality shows like “Ballando con le Stelle.”
The beautiful lady is also known for being married to Ghanaian footballer Kevin-Prince Boateng.
Caterina Murino
- Insta: @caterina_murino_official
- Birthdate: September 15, 1977
- Home Town: Cagliari, Italy
- Place of Living: Rome, Italy
- Height: 1.75 m
- Breast Size: B
- Insta followers: 90k
The actress gained international recognition for her role as Solange Dimitrios in the James Bond film “Casino Royale” (2006).
Murino studied drama at the prestigious Scuola di Cinema e Teatro Paolo Grassi in Milan. After working extensively in Italian television and film productions, she landed her breakthrough role opposite Daniel Craig’s James Bond.
Apart from being known for playing a Bond girl, Murino has appeared in various other films such as “The Garden of Eden” (2008) alongside Mena Suvari and Jack Huston. She also starred in “Il giovane Casanova” (2002) and “Horse Fever: The Mandrake Sting” (2014).
Claudia Romani
- Insta: @claudia_romani
- Birthdate: April 14, 1982
- Home Town: L’Aquila, Italy
- Place of Living: Miami Beach, Florida
- Height: 168 cm
- Breast Size: D
- Insta followers: 1.3M
Claudia is a hot Italian model and television personality. She gained popularity for her stunning looks and has been featured in magazines including FHM, Maxim, and Playboy. The sexy woman possesses a captivating physique that has made her successful in the modeling industry.
Apart from her modeling career, Claudia also appeared on several reality TV shows such as “Isola dei Famosi” (The Celebrity Island) in Italy which further boosted her fame.
Claudia boasts a strong presence on social media platforms. Her posts often highlight fashion trends, travel adventures, and fitness routines while also advocating for animal rights causes.
Cristina Buccino
- Insta: @cribuccino
- Birthdate: June 16, 1985
- Home Town: Castellaneta, Italy
- Place of Living: Milan, Italy
- Height: 1.76 m
- Breast Size: C
- Insta followers: 3M
A beautiful model and television personality gained prominence through her appearances on various reality TV shows like “L’isola dei famosi” and “Grande Fratello.” With her stunning looks and charming personality, she quickly became a popular figure in the entertainment industry.
Buccino started her career as a fashion model. Her beauty and talent helped her secure numerous modeling contracts with renowned brands both nationally and internationally. Alongside modeling, she also ventured into acting by appearing in movies such as “Colorado: “Sto Classico.”
Carlotta Montanari
- Insta: @iamcarlottamontanari
- Birthdate: February 17, 1981
- Home Town: Rimini, Italy
- Place of Living: Rome, Italy
- Height: 169 cm
- Breast Size: B
- Insta followers: 23k
Carlotta is an Italian actress known for her talent and versatility on screen. With a strong background in theater, the hot lady has also made significant contributions to film and television.
One of the most important facts about Carlotta Montanari is her ability to captivate audiences with emotionally charged portrayals. Her range as an actress allows her to seamlessly transition between different genres, from drama to comedy.
In addition to being multilingual (fluent in English, French, and Spanish), another notable point about this pretty babe is that she possesses great physicality which enables her to perform intense action sequences convincingly.
Giorgia Palmas
- Insta: @giopalmas82
- Birthdate: March 5, 1982
- Home Town: Cagliari, Italy
- Place of Living: Milan, Italy
- Height: 1.70 m
- Breast Size: B
- Insta followers: 1.9M
A television personality, actress, and model, Palmas gained popularity when she participated in the reality show “L’Isola dei Famosi” (The Island of the Famous) in 2006 where she finished second. This led to numerous opportunities for her career including hosting several TV shows such as “Striscia la Notizia” and “Buona la prima!”
Aside from her television work, the hot lady has also appeared in various films like “Natale a Beverly Hills” (Christmas at Beverly Hills). In addition to her acting gigs, she has had successful modeling campaigns with well-known brands like Lovable.
Olivia Culpo
- Insta: @oliviaculpo
- Birthdate: May 8, 1992
- Home Town: Cranston, Rhode Island, United States
- Place of Living: Los Angeles, California
- Height: 1.66 m
- Breast Size: B
- Insta followers: 5.3M
Olivia, a model, actress, and beauty queen, gained prominence after winning the Miss USA pageant in 2012. She went on to become the first American woman to win the Miss Universe title since 1997.
With her stunning looks and charismatic personality, the hottie quickly rose to fame and became a sought-after model for numerous fashion brands.
Apart from her successful modeling career, Culpo has also ventured into acting with appearances in movies like “I Feel Pretty” (2018) and TV shows such as “Model Squad.”
Cristina Chiabotto
- Insta: @vanillagirl_86
- Birthdate: September 15, 1986
- Home Town: Moncalieri, Italy
- Place of Living: Turin, Italy
- Height: 1.82 m
- Breast Size: B
- Insta followers: 616k
The pretty woman is an Italian television presenter, model, and beauty queen. Chiabotto rose to fame after winning the Miss Italia beauty pageant in 2004 when she was just 17 years old. This win catapulted her into a successful career in entertainment and modeling.
She has since become one of Italy’s most recognizable faces on television, hosting various shows such as “Colorado”, “Pechino Express”, and “Tale e Quale Show”. Chiabotto is known for her charismatic personality and ability to connect with audiences.
The hot lady has also worked with organizations such as UNICEF and Save The Children.
Greta Zuccarello
- Insta: @greta_zuccarello
- Home Town: Treviso, Italy
- Place of Living: NY, USA
- Height: 173 cm
- Breast Size: B
- Insta followers: 130k
The hot chick is an acclaimed dancer known for her exceptional talent and artistic expression. Throughout her career, Zuccarello has trained extensively in various dance styles including ballet, contemporary, jazz, and hip-hop.
Her skills have taken her to prestigious stages around the world where she has performed with renowned dance companies. Zuccarello’s performances are characterized by their intensity, precision, and emotional depth.
Apart from performing on stage, Greta Zuccarello also dedicates herself to teaching aspiring dancers. The sexy woman believes in nurturing creativity while instilling discipline within students’ practice routines.
Elisa De Panicis
- Insta: @elisadepanicis
- Birthdate: December 1, 1992
- Place of Living: Milan, Italy
- Height: 178 cm
- Breast Size: B
- Insta followers: 1.3M
Elisa is a model, social media influencer, and reality TV star. She gained international fame after participating in the Spanish reality show “Supervivientes” (Survivors) in 2016. She began her modeling career at a young age and has worked with several renowned fashion brands.
In addition to being a successful model and influencer, Elisa has appeared on other television shows such as “Big Brother VIP” in Spain. Known for her outgoing personality and outspoken nature, she often creates controversy through heated arguments or provocative statements during these appearances.
Ramona Badescu
- Insta: @ramonabadescuofficial
- Birthdate: November 29, 1968
- Home Town: Craiova, Romania
- Place of Living: Italy
- Height: 175 cm
- Breast Size: B
- Insta followers: 30.5k
This sexy actress started her career by appearing in various Italian films and television series. She has worked with renowned directors like Federico Fellini and Franco Zeffirelli, showcasing her versatility as an actress. Ramona’s performances have received critical acclaim, earning her awards and nominations throughout her career.
In addition to acting, she is also known for being a successful model and singer. Her striking looks have landed her numerous modeling campaigns for top fashion brands.
Despite facing some personal struggles over the years, including health issues that temporarily interrupted her career, Ramona remains determined to pursue her passion for performing arts.
Maria Vittoria
- Insta: @mariavittoriacass
- Birthdate: September 1, 1989
- Place of Living: Bologna, Italy
- Height: 175 cm
- Breast Size: C
- Insta followers: 222k
Maria is a hot model known for her exceptional skills in the fashion industry. With her striking looks and graceful presence, she has made a significant impact on runways and photoshoots worldwide. Maria’s ability to effortlessly adapt to various styles and portray different characters makes her an incredibly versatile model.
Her strong runway walk leaves a lasting impression as she combines elegance with confidence, capturing the attention of designers and audiences alike. Maria’s impeccable posing techniques showcase her understanding of body language, creating captivating images that tell stories through fashion.
Laura Dotti Privato
- Insta: @lauradottiofficial
- Height: 175 cm
- Place of Living: Milan, Italy
- Breast Size: A
- Insta followers: 130k
This beautiful blogger is known for her exceptional skills in producing engaging and meaningful content across various platforms.
One of the most notable aspects of Laura’s work is her ability to captivate audiences with compelling storytelling. Whether it’s through written articles, videos, or social media posts, she has mastered the art of creating narratives that resonate with people from all walks of life.
Raffaella Fico
- Insta: @ficoraffaella
- Birthdate: January 29, 1988
- HomeTown: Cercola, Italy
- Place of Living: Milan, Italy
- Height: 1.73 m
- Breast Size: C
- Insta followers: 751k
Raffaella is a pretty model, showgirl, and reality television star. She gained widespread fame after participating in the Italian version of “Big Brother” in 2008.
Fico has had a successful modeling career and has appeared on numerous magazine covers including Maxim Italia and Playboy Italia. She also walked the runway for several high-profile fashion brands such as Dolce & Gabbana.
In addition to her modeling work, Fico has made appearances on various reality shows like “L’isola dei famosi” (The Celebrity Island) and “Tale e Quale Show.” She released a single that peaked at number six on the Italian music charts in 2010.
Gemma Surgo
- Insta: @gemmacarlotta_
- Birthdate: April 3, 1991
- Place of Living: Bari, Italy
- Height: 175 cm
- Breast Size: B
- Insta followers: 138k
This hottie is a content creator who has gained significant recognition for her work in the digital media industry. With a strong background in writing and creative storytelling, Gemma has managed to captivate audiences through various online platforms.
One of the most notable facts about Gemma Surgo is her ability to create engaging and relatable content that resonates with viewers. Her unique approach combines humor, authenticity, and thought-provoking ideas, allowing her to connect with people on a deep level.
Another important aspect is the beautiful woman’s versatility. She excels at producing different types of content such as videos, blogs, podcasts, and social media posts.
Maddalena Corvaglia
- Insta: @maddalena_corvaglia
- Birthdate: January 12, 1980
- Home Town: Galatina, Italy
- Place of Living : Milan, Italy
- Height: 1.68 m
- Breast Size: B
- Insta followers: 1.1M
Maddalena is an actress, model, and television personality. She began her career as a model at the age of 15 and quickly gained recognition for her beauty and talent. The sexy woman has graced the covers of numerous fashion magazines including Vogue Italia and Cosmopolitan.
In addition to modeling, Corvaglia also pursued acting and made appearances in several TV series such as “Emigratis” (2018) and “Le strade di Max” (2013). However, she became more well-known through her participation in various reality TV shows like “Celebrity Island” (2003), where she showcased her adventurous side.
Ilary Blasi
- Insta: @ilaryblasi
- Birthdate: April 28, 1981
- Home Town: Rome, Italy
- Place of Living: Rome, Italy
- Height: 1.68 m
- Breast Size: B
- Insta followers: 2.2M
A hot television presenter, model, and actress gained fame through her work on the popular Italian entertainment show “Le Iene” (The Hyenas) where she served as a host for over ten years.
Blasi began her career at a young age as a child star in commercials before transitioning into modeling and acting. In addition to her successful television career, she has also appeared in several films including “Da Grande,” “Fiori di Zucca” and “Sentiments”.
Blasi’s beauty and charm have led to numerous endorsement deals with major brands such as Pupa Cosmetics.
Michela Quattrociocche
- Insta: @michelaquattrociocche
- Birthdate: December 3, 1988
- Home Town: Rome, Italy
- Place of Living: Rome, Italy
- Height: 1.68 m
- Breast Size: C
- Insta followers: 526k
At the age of sixteen, the sexy lady made her acting debut with a role in the popular Italian TV series “Don Matteo“. However, it was her portrayal of Silvia De Martino in the hit romantic comedy film “Scusa ma ti chiamo amore” that gained her widespread recognition and success.
Quattrociocche’s talent as an actress continued to shine through various other projects such as “Amore 14“, which further established her career within the industry. Beyond acting, Michela Quattrociocche married football player Alberto Aquilani in 2012. The couple have two children together.
Federica Nargi
- Insta: @fede_nargi
- Birthdate: February 5, 1990
- Home Town: Rome, Italy
- Place of Living: Milan, Italy
- Height: 177 cm
- Breast Size: B
- Insta followers: 4.3M
A model, showgirl, and television presenter, Nargi gained popularity through her appearances on various reality TV shows and as a contestant on the Italian version of Dancing with the Stars.
She started her career as a professional volleyball player before transitioning into modeling. Her stunning looks and charismatic personality quickly made her a sought-after presence in the fashion industry.
Nargi has worked with several prominent brands including Puma, Rimmel London, Luisa Spagnoli, Yamamay, and more. She has also graced numerous magazine covers like Maxim Italia and Vanity Fair.
Costanza Caracciolo
- Insta: @costy_caracciolo
- Birthdate: January 17, 1990
- Home Town: Lentini, Italy
- Place of Living: Rome, Italy
- Height: 1.75 m
- Breast Size: C
- Insta followers: 1.3M
Costanza Caracciolo is an Italian television host, model, and actress. She gained popularity as a contestant on the reality show “Pechino Express” in 2012.
She started her career as a model before transitioning into television hosting. Her charismatic personality and stunning looks have made her one of the most recognizable faces on Italian television.
Caracciolo’s personal life has also garnered attention from media outlets. She was previously married to Christian Vieri, an Italian former professional footballer.
Teresa Langella
- Insta: @teresalangella___
- Birthdate: January 31, 1995
- Home Town: Naples, Italy
- Place of Living: Milan, Italy
- Height: 177 cm
- Breast Size: B
- Children: None
- Insta followers: 950k
The hottie is a singer known for her powerful and emotive vocals. She began singing at a young age and quickly developed an undeniable passion for music. With her unique voice, Teresa has captivated audiences around the world with performances that are both captivating and unforgettable.
One of the most notable aspects of Teresa’s career is her versatility as a singer. The pretty woman effortlessly transitions between various genres including pop, R&B, soul, and jazz. This flexibility allows her to connect with different types of audiences on a deeper level.
Ilenia Pastorelli
- Insta: @ileniapastorelli
- Birthdate: December 24, 1985
- Home Town: Rome, Italy
- Place of Living: Rome, Italy
- Height: 1.65m
- Breast Size: B
- Insta followers: 124k
Pastorelli’s versatility as an actress is evident through her ability to excel in various genres like drama and comedy. Her performances have been praised by critics for their depth and authenticity, earning her numerous awards and nominations throughout the years.
In addition to television, Pastorelli has also ventured into film with successful projects such as “They call me Jeeg.” The hot woman continues to captivate audiences both nationally and internationally with every project she undertakes.
With a promising future ahead, Ilenia remains one of Italy’s most talented actresses, leaving a lasting impression on viewers worldwide with each captivating performance she delivers.
Roberta Pedrelli
- Insta: @robertapedrelli
- Home Town: Rome, Italy
- Place of Living: Rome, Italy
- Height: 171 cm
- Breast Size: D
- Insta followers: 133k
Roberta Pedrelli is a renowned TV host known for her exceptional talent and charisma. With years of experience in the entertainment industry, she has become an influential figure on television. Her captivating presence and outstanding communication skills have made her one of the most sought-after hosts in the business.
Born with a natural flair for connecting with audiences, Roberta’s ability to engage viewers through meaningful conversations sets her apart from other hosts. She possesses a unique blend of intelligence, wit, and charm that keeps audiences captivated during every show.
Simona Guatieri
- Insta: @simonaguatieri
- Birthdate: April 27, 1990
- Home Town: Isernia, Italy
- Place of Living: Milan, Italy
- Height: 169 cm
- Breast Size: C
- Insta followers: 191k
The sexy model is known for her stunning beauty and exceptional modeling skills. Simona has captivated the fashion industry with her unique look, versatility, and professionalism. Her ability to adapt to various styles and embody different characters makes her highly sought after by renowned designers and photographers worldwide.
Simona’s portfolio showcases a wide range of work including high-fashion editorials, commercial campaigns, lingerie shoots, as well as catwalk appearances for prestigious brands during Fashion Weeks around the globe. Her natural poise combined with impeccable posing techniques contributes to creating visually striking images that leave a lasting impression.
Bianca Balti
- Insta: @biancabalti
- Birthdate: March 19, 1984
- Home Town: Lodi, Italy
- Place of Living: Los Angeles, California
- Height: 178 cm
- Breast Size: B
- Insta followers: 1.4M
Bianca has gained international fame for her stunning beauty and successful modeling career. She started her journey to success at a young age when she was discovered by a model scout at the age of 16.
The sexy woman quickly rose to prominence in the fashion industry and became one of the most sought-after models worldwide. She has worked with numerous renowned brands including Dolce & Gabbana, Versace, Victoria’s Secret, and many others.
In addition to her successful modeling career, Bianca also made appearances in several magazines such as Vogue Italia and Harper’s Bazaar.
Elisabetta Gregoraci
- Insta: @elisabettagregoracireal
- Birthdate: February 8, 1980
- HomeTown: Soverato, Italy
- Place of Living: Rome, Italy
- Height: 183 cm
- Breast Size: C
- Insta followers: 2M
Elisabetta is an Italian television personality and model. She gained fame for her appearances on the reality TV show “The Real Housewives of Milan.” Gregoraci started her career as a fashion model at the age of 17 and quickly rose to prominence by working with prestigious brands like Roberto Cavalli and Rocco Barocco. She has also graced the covers of numerous magazines including Maxim and GQ.
In addition to her modeling career, Elisabetta has starred in films like “Ammen” and “My Father Jack.” Furthermore, she participated in popular reality TV programs like “L’Isola dei Famosi.“